Dr.-Ing. Józef H. Wiora
meine Publikationen
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O ślónskej gołtce
Publications and Presentations – articles only
1. Karol Jabłoński, Roman Czyba, Tomasz Grychowski, Józef Wiora, Marcin Janik, Natalia Łomnicka, Maciej Galeja, Marian Lemanowicz. Multirotor platform with sensory head for measurement of selected air parameters. Journal of KONES, accepted, 2017.
``In this article, a project of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with a measurement head designed for monitoring of air pollution is presented. The head contains modern sensors selective to the most important components of air in view of environmental pollution. Measurement data are acquired locally as well as transmitted wirelessly to a ground station. The UAV may be programmed to a particular measurement missions. The ground station dispose of a software for flight control and for visualisation of measurement results on-line."
2. Józef Wiora, Andrzej Kozyra, Alicja Wiora. Towards automation of measurement processes of surface water parameters by a remote-controlled catamaran. Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences – Technical Sciences, accepted, 2017.
``This article describes a way of determining selected water parameters using a prototype of a remote-controlled catamaran. The remote controlling allows both the boat to be guided and the measurement process managed from a shore. It is possible to monitor the water parameters online as well as to store them and analyse them afterwards. The measured parameters are determined mainly using potentiometric methods and include several ion concentrations. The system is orientated towards monitoring breeding ponds or other similar surface waters. The mechanical construction of the catamaran, its electronic circuits and implemented software are described in detail in the paper. Conclusions obtained from preliminary tests are also included. The described construction allows analysts to perform simple and inexpensive remote measurements or assessments of water quality and reduces the time consumption of such analysis in comparison to traditional sampling."
``Acoustic insulation of a device from the environment can be enhanced by appropriate control of its casing vibrations.
The level of noise reduction obtained in such way is considered as the main point for evaluating the performance of the active control system, hence its appropriate measurement constitutes a vital issue.
In this study, measurement uncertainty evaluation of the sound pressure level difference is presented.
Three independent components of the Type A evaluated uncertainties are derived.
Many sets of conducted experiments allow to estimate the components, while information read from the calibration certificate of the employed sound level meter allow to estimate the Type B components.
Prepared uncertainty budgets show that the most contributing source is the location dependency.
Recommendations for appropriate performance measurement of an active control system are stated basing on the obtained results.
"
``According to recent findings, it is possible to computationally determine a measurement
result (value and uncertainty), using a special measurement method, in which this uncertainty
is less than that assessed directly from experiments using Type B evaluation. The method
works well only if the quantity is additive and its uncertainty is constant, i.e. independent
of the measurement value. In the paper, a generalisation is made that also allows for the
application of similar reasoning to quantities with variable uncertainties. The generalisation
is obtained thanks to the replacement of the least squares optimisation, used in the derivation
of the first method, with the weighted least squares. Examples with models of quantities that
have variable uncertainties are described to show circumstances where improvements are
significant. It can be said that the method described always improves uncertainties of additive
quantities, but the improvement is not always significant. Suggestions to obtain the best
improvement are given according to the analysis performed. A real laboratory experiment
of a resistance measurement, with its uncertainty dominated by current measurement, was
conducted to show how the method works."
``Parameters of a model describing a measurement process obtained during a calibration experiment allow one to calculate a measurement result, but a simple estimation of measurement uncertainties of the parameters is not sufficient to assess the uncertainty of the result.
In this paper, an example of a pH measurement conducted using an ion-selective electrode is presented, in which the uncertainty is evaluated taking into consideration the existing correlation between the parameters of the electrode.
The calculations apply either covariances or correlation coefficients that have to be computed additionally.
The example presented in this paper illustrates that there are some problems with rounding of variables which, because of the existing very strong correlations, significantly changes the sought uncertainty.
This approach is compared with other approaches, that is, usage of uncorrelated variables and Monte Carlo simulations that are described in an earlier work.
It is concluded that the approach of uncertainty evaluation, in which covariances or correlation coefficients are explicitly calculated, is work-consuming and may cause significant discrepancies between correct and obtained assessments if some roundings or approximations are done, or if the correlation coefficient is obtained experimentally based on data including random errors.
"
6. Andrzej Kozyra, Sebastian Patałąg, Alicja Wiora, Józef Wiora. Estimation of radioactive concentration of radon and its derivatives (in Polish). Works of Scientific Commissions, The Katowice Branch of the Polish Academy of Science, (39–40) S. Dodatek 21–22, 2016.
The paper deals with the problem of ion activity determination for a mixture by means of ion-selective electrodes.
Mathematical model of the analysed phenomenon is described by the Nicolsky-Eisenman equation, which relates activities of ions and ion-selective electrode potentials.
The equation is strongly nonlinear and, especially in the case of multi-compound assays, the calculation of ion activities becomes a complex task.
Application of multilayer perceptron artificial neural networks, which are known as universal approximators, can help to solve this problem.
A new proposition of such network has been presented in the paper.
The main difference in comparison with the previously proposed networks consists in the input set, which includes not only electrode potentials but also electrode parameters.
The good network performance obtained during training has been confirmed by additional tests using measurement results and finally compared with the original as well as the simplified analytical model.
Determination of pH using a typical glass electrode requires prior calibration in order to determine the electrode parameters.
Knowledge about uncertainties of the parameters is insufficient to calculate the uncertainty of measured pH because of existing correlation.
In the paper, an example illustrating the problem is presented.
Two ways of proper uncertainty assessment are suggested:
(1) analytical with removing the correlated variables and (2) numerical using Monte Carlo simulations.
The second one seems to be much less time-consuming and allows easier investigations of the uncertainty properties.
``A common technique applied during an assay is averaging several repeated measurements in order to obtain a more accurate result.
This approach is suitable for most applications.
However, in the case of impulsive disturbances which affect the measured object, averaging is not optimal.
In the paper, the properties of impulsive disturbances are described and it is explained why averaging is suitable for Gaussian disturbances and unsuitable for impulse ones.
The iteratively reweighted least squares method, popular among researchers dealing with signal processing, has been simplified, allowing analysts to use it easily, and it has been adopted to calculate a weighted mean which is more reliable.
The properties of the weighted mean have been determined based on Monte Carlo simulations and an analytical signal obtained from an ion-selective electrode.
The results shown that the
most reliable results are obtained when the average is replaced by such weighted mean, which reduces to the median filtration---then,
the obtained results are in some cases a bit worse but far less sensitive to impulses."
``The commented article has introduced to metrology a new way of lowering the uncertainty assessed using Type B evaluation.
The proposed method operates properly under some assumptions but unfortunately, the idea has been presented with some understatements and mistakes.
The weak points are shown and discussed in this article."
``This paper presents a research installation for developing flow measurements in open channel.
A tracer technique is used where sodium chloride is applied as a tracer and a conductometric cell as a tracer sensor.
Properties of the applied electrical measuring circuit, the ways of determining tracer transit time, flow rate and flow velocity are described.
From conducted experiments, the expanded measurement uncertainty of flow rate is assessed as less then 6%."
``In this paper a novel calibration procedure for the parameter determination of ion-selective electrodes used in an array is described. Commonly used procedures require a large number of standards to determine the parameters based on the Nicolsky–Eisenman model.
The elaborated procedure reduces the number of standards to a minimum by using a standard containing a mixture of ions instead of a couple of pure standards.
This paper presents a complete calibration procedure, which consists of designing the composition of the standards, parameter determination and verification of the calibration results.
Comparison of the results obtained by the procedure presented with results obtained by the Two-Point Calibration and Separate Solution methods proves that the accuracies of both procedures are comparable.
The outlined procedure can be applied in multicomponent analysers."
13. Alicja Wiora, Józef Wiora, Andrzej Kozyra. Teaching of solution conductance measurements (in Polish). Works of Scientific Commissions, The Katowice Branch of the Polish Academy of Science, (34-35) S. 249--250, 2011.
14. Józef Wiora, Andrzej Kozyra, Alicja Wiora. Another way of calibration of ion-selective electrodes (in Polish). Works of Scientific Commissions, The Katowice Branch of the Polish Academy of Science, (34-35) S. 232--235, 2011.
15. Andrzej Kozyra, Alicja Wiora, Józef Wiora. Ion-meter for multi-compound measurements (in Polish). Works of Scientific Commissions, The Katowice Branch of the Polish Academy of Science, (34-35) S. 206--208, 2011.
16. Alicja Wiora, Józef Wiora, Andrzej Kozyra, Tomasz Grychowski. Conception of a point-of-care device for monitoring the patient's health (in Polish). Works of Scientific Commissions, The Katowice Branch of the Polish Academy of Science, (33) S. 133--136, 2009.
``The response time of ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) is especially essential when measurements are performed for diluted solutions. The time needed to archive the steady-state E2 can be measured in minutes.
The developed algorithm shorten the time significantly by using the estimated value of E2. The dynamic error is then reduced 2-6 times, depending on model applied to describe the dynamic properties of ISE, on disturbances and on correctness of choice of the dynamic parameters.
Real measuring data used in tests prove that the best model applied to the prediction of E2 value is Rechnitz-Hameka model."
``In the paper, the evaluation of uncertainty in concentration measurement based on the cause and effect diagram is presented.
Two methods of evaluating the uncertainty of calibration parameters of ion-selective electrode are compared: the GUM method and the Monte Carlo method. Values obtained in examples are very similar.
Small differences are visible for larger values of input data uncertainties.
It is caused by the change of the probability distribution shape when the function is non-linear.
The comparison covers the possibility of determination the final value and its uncertainty, the necessity of derivation of the parameters and sensitivity coefficients formulae, the possibility of analyzing the contributions, of making histograms and of taking into considerations nonlinearities.
Using the Monte Carlo method, the concentration uncertainties are evaluated for example data."
``Measured values of dynamic parameters of ion-selective electrodes are dependent i.a. on the research methods applied due to difficulties in the proper realization of the ion activity change at the electrode membrane. In the paper, the new measuring set-up, realizing the activity step, is presented.
Two jets, controlled by the electric valves, through those solutions having different activities are flowed, are applied in the set-up.
Basing on the results obtained experimentally, it can be stated that the activity change is enough rapid. Furthermore, the electric circuit is not opened during the change of the activities what is a drawback of some methods."
20. Andrzej Kozyra, Alicja Wiora, Józef Wiora. Uncertainty evaluation for potentiometric measurements (in Polish). Works of Scientific Commissions, The Katowice Branch of the Polish Academy of Science, (32) S. 109--112, 2008.
``The relationship between the potential E of the ion-selective electrode and ion concentration c are presented in the paper – eqs. (1) – (5).
The operations needed to prepare an activity standard, basing on eqs. (7) – (10), are listed and an example is given, haw to make it.
Basing on eq. (11), linking concentration c, mass of salt m* and volume of solution V, the relative concentration uncertainty ur(c) is derived – eq. (12), and using a scale and non-ideal salt not having 100% content (cont) of substance of interest, the eq. (14) is obtained.
After dilutions – eq. (15), concentration uncertainty changes – eq. (17).
The next example is placed illustrating the change.
The concentration uncertainties of standards obtained using multiple dilution method implemented on the automatic system SAWCEJS [5] are calculated in sec. 4."
22. Józef Wiora. Characterisation of measuring errors caused by simplifications of physicalchemical phenomena in multicomponent ion-selective measurements (in Polish). Works of Scientific Commissions, The Katowice Branch of the Polish Academy of Science, (31/2006) S. 100--102, 2007.
The plot of ion-selective electrode's potential vs. ion concentration in a solution is non-linear and very complex. In the paper, a set-up is described which allows to determine the plot using multiple dilution method in an automatic way. The set-up is not expensive and the presence of experimenter in the laboratory is not necessary during the test of the electrode. Additionally, the system allows for simultaneous investigation of several electrodes.
``Dynamic models of an ion-selective electrode are analysed in this article taking into account the independence of values of its dynamic parameters from the value and direction of activity change.
Unfortunately, a complicated mathematical representation of a new model makes the model difficult to be applied in practice.
Therefore, some simplifications are made constructing two semi-empirical models: 1) a model with the k parameter and 2) a model basing on two other models well-known from the literature.
Verifications of the new models have been performed using the measuring set-up built in the Division of Measurement Systems at the Silesian University of Technology.
Obtained results proved that the model with the k parameter completely fulfils the goal of the article − its dynamic parameters are dependent on the slightest degree of the kind of activity step."
Aktualisierung: 23.03.2017